فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 19 (پاییز 1390)

In order to study the effect of seed inoculation with Nitragin and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications was performed at Islamic Azad University, the Tabriz branch. Treatments were 6 urea fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg/ha) and two levels of Nitragin (inoculated and non-inoculated seed). Results indicated that the highest number of seed per corn row and number of seed per plant were obtained from 120 kg/ha urea application. Using 150 and 120 kg/ha of urea resulted in seed yield of 10.7 and 10 T/ha respectively. Effect of Nitragin on grain yield of corn was significant. Inoculation of seed with Nitragin increased seed yield (9.50 T/ha) as compared with that of it can, thus, be concluded that bio-fertilization of corn seed by Nitrogin would improve yield similar to that of 120 kg/ha urea application.

To study the effects of sowing dates on seed yield its components and oil content of three spring safflower varieties a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during the spring of 2009 at Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture Faculty Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Iran. Treatments in this study consisted of four sowing date (26April, 2 May, 8 May, 14 May) and three safflower varieties (Mex33, Isfahan, Goldasht). Analysis of variance showed that late planting(26April) reduced seed yield and oil yield, seed number per head, head number per plant, 1000 kernel weight, planting height, number of leaf, shoot dry weight and oil content of seed. Analysis of variance also revealed that interaction effects of planting date by genotype was significant for height plant. The highest seed yield was observed in the first planting date (2267 kg/ha) and the lowest seed yield at the fourth sowing date (1124 kg/ha). The highest head number per plant was obtained at first planting date (13.44) and the lowest was at the fourth sowing date (6.77).The highest seed number per head was obtained at first planting date (57.78) and the lowest at the forth sowing date (36). The highest 1000 kernel weight at first planting date (37.78gr)and lowest 1000 kernel weight at the fourth sowing date (26.33g).It was also observed that the highest stem height belonged to Isfahan (87.50 cm) at the first planting date and lowest to Goldasht (55.90 cm) at the fourth planting date. The highest oil yield was obtained from first planting date (782.60 kg/ha) and lowest from fourth sowing date (292 kg/ha). However, the effect of sowing date on oil percentages was non significant.

Effect of chemical and biofertilizers on yield and yield components of pea cultivar ARROW was studied. This trial was conducted in 2009 in a randomized complete block (RCBD) design with three replication and 8 treatments at Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. The 8 treatments was: 1) control, 2)Yashil application, 3)inoculation of the seeds with Nitragin, 4) inoculation of the seeds with Biosuper, 5) inoculation with Nitragin Yashil application, 6) inoculation with Biosuper Yashil application, 7) inoculation with Nitragin Biosuper, 8) inoculation with Nitragin Biosuper and application of Yashil. Highest fresh yield was obtained (391.5 gr/m2 )from the 8th treatment, and least yield from the control (275.5gm-2).In other characters under study like biomass highest yield was obtained by application of Yashil with Biosuper inoculation(3341.1g/m2) heaviest hundered seed weight obtained by Yashil application of Biosuper and Nitragin inoculation (64.7g), highest seed number per pod (8) produced by Nitragin inoculation with Yashil application, highest seed number per plant resulted from Nitragin, Biosuper inoculation and Yashil application (30.9), heaviest seed weight per pod and plant were obtained by Biosuper and Nitragin Yashil inoculation (5.74g and 19.6g) respectively. Based on of the result, it seems that application of biofertilizers would increase the yield and yield components of green pea and if it is accompanied with macro- and micro nutrients the effect would be higher.

Plant density is one of the important factors to be considered in crop management decisions to obtain high yield with optimum quality. In order to determine plant density effect on different rice cultivars an experiment was conducted in Tonekabon Rice Research Station in 2008. This experiment laid out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main plots were planting spaces with four levels (12, 14, 16 and 18 cm) and sub plots were rice cultivars (Shiroodi, Kados, Hashemi and Deylamani). Distance between rows was 30 cm in all treatments. ANOVA did not show significant differences for all characters (except filled and total grains) measured. Effect of cultivars on fertile florets and total grains was significant at 0.05 and on the other traits at 0.01 probability level. The highest grain yield 5787 kg.ha-1 was obtained at 18 cm plant spacing. The greatest grain yield 7374 kg.ha-1 was recorded for Shiroodi cultivar. Results showed LAI were greater at 12 cm plant spacing and CGR, RGR greater at 18 cm plant spacing and Shiroodi cultivar. Finally, according to the results, 18 cm plant spacing and Shiroodi cultivar can be recommended to the experimental area.

To study the effects of phosphorous of different sources and its solubilizing bacteria on the corn growth an experiment was conducted at Miyandoab Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in 2005 in Iran. The arrangement of experiment was factorial based on RCB design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of phosphate solubilizing bacteria: control, thiobacillus bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and Thiobacillus bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and three levels of fertilizer: without fertilizer, rock phosphate and triple super phosphate. In this study 0.5 m2 of each plot was sampled every 15 days intervals and were studied the dry matter per unit area (TDM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were analyzed. The results showed that the application of thiobacillus bacteria phosphate solubilizing bacteria triple super phosphate increased total dry matter (TDM) and crop growth rate (CGR), while relative growth rate (RGR), decreased. LAI increased slowly during early growing stage but increased rapidly when growth proceeded. The highest LAI (4.3), TDM (3451 gr/m2) and CGR (5.41 gr/m2) were obtained from the application of thiobacillus phosphate solubilizing bacteria triple super phosphate. Similar results were obtained by the application of thiobacillus phosphate solubilizing bacteria rock phosphate. It seems that application of thiobacillus phosphate solubilizing bacteria is useful for availability of phosphorous to plant. Also, application of rock phosphate, due to low cost, availability of phosphorous to plant and its decreased effect on environment pollution can be used instead of other sources of phosphate fertilizers such as triple super phosphate.

In order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation on yield, yield components and protein percentages of three cultivars of chickpea an experiment carried out as split plot, based on randomized complete blocks design, with three replications in Ilam, in 2009-2010 growing season. Irrigation treatments were: control, without irrigation (I0), irrigation at the stage of %50 blooming, irrigation at the stage of %50 flowering, irrigation at the stage of pods filling, which were allocated to main plots and genotypes, ILC482, Filip93-93 and local variety to sub plots. Irrigation treatments had significantly effect on seed and biological yields, harvest index, pod numbers per plant, seed numbers per pod and 100 seed weight. The Filip93-93 produced highest (1140.51 kg/ha) and the local variety lowest seed yields (1056.98 kg/ha).Irrigation at the stage of pod filling and blooming increased by seed yield %41.3 and %29.3 respectively as compared to control .Irrigation at the pod filling period produced the highest seed yield. The Filip93-93 produced highest yield (1263.31 kg/ha) when the field irrigated at pod filling stage and the local variety at control treatment (without irrigation) the lowest seed yield (893.26 kg/ha).

This research was conducted in order to evaluate effects of irrigation levels on yield and yield components of 8 pea lines and cultivars at research station of faculty of agriculture in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch in 2010 growth season. The experiment was conducted in split plot form based on completely block design with three replications. Treatments were irrigation levels: Irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm evaporation from pan as main plot, and lines and cultivars of pea: Jam, Azad, FLIP 00-78C, FLIP 97- 32C, FLIP 00-75C, FLIP 97-26C, ILC8617 and ILC 482 as sub plot. Results showed that the highest branch number per plant, number of pod and number of grain per plant were obtained in ILC 482 and the lowest number grain per plant were obtained in FLIP00-78c and ILC 86 17. The higher values for grain yield (208 g.m-2) were obtained in ILC 482. In comparison to irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan, the irrigation after 105 and 140 mm evaporation caused 23 and 45% decreases in the leaf area, 29 and 52% in number of grain per plant, 11 and 23 % in 1000 kernel weight, 29 and 51 % in pod number per plant, respectively. Irrigation after 105 and 140 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan, led to 27 and 64% reduction in grain yield, so in production of pea should be considered to value of water and yield of crop.

In order to investigating effect of irrigation intervals on yield and yield components of sorghum cultivars, an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University of Miyaneh on May, 2008. This experiment was implemented in the form of split-plot with randomized complete block design in three replicates. The first factor included 3 irrigation intervals (7,14,21) days, and grain sorghum cultivars including Kimya, Payam and broom sorghum called local cultivar Golbous was main and secondary plot, respectively. According to the results, the effect of irrigation intervals and cultivar on many of the studied traits such as plant height, panicle length, stem diameter, number of leaves, grain number per plant and grain yield was significant and intraction between irrigation intervals and cultivar on plant height, panicle length, grain number per plant was significant. The comparison of means indicated that plant height, panicle length, grain number per plant and grain yield decreases as the irrigation intervals increased. This comparison also suggested payam cultivar is superior to Kimya and local Golbous in terms of the grain number per plant and grain yield. Plant height had a positive and significant correlation with all of the studied characters unless seed number per plant.